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在阅读中，人们首先理解的是语言的字面意义。然而，语言所表达的内容常常超过其字面意义。阅读的目的不仅仅是只读懂原文，还应做到能从文章的字里行间“读出”作者虽未说明但意欲表达的意图，这就是我们通常所说的言外之意。由于篇幅或其他原因，作者常常对某些问题一带而过，有的只给出一些暗示(hints)，这就要求考生掌握逻辑判断和推理的方法，动用良好的综合判断以及语言本身的内在联系，在理解原文的基础上，做出符合作者原意的推断。在阅读中，这种判断推理和引申的能力相当重要。只有具备这种能力，才有可能理解文章中语言上没有明确表达却又隐含的意思。
第一节 命 题 方 式
这种题型的问句中都含有imply, suggest; infer, appear; conclude等词，常见的形式有：
1.The author suggests in the passage that .
The writer indicates in the passage that .
The passage implies in the passage that .
2. It is implied (indicated, suggested) in the passage that .
3.By … the author implies (suggests, indicates) that .
4.From the passage, it can be inferred that .
5.We can infer (assume, deduce) that .
6. An inference which may (not) be made from the passage is .
7. We can learn from … that .
9. Which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?
10. The passage appears to be … .
Where did this passage most probably appear?
11.Itcan be concluded from the passage that .
12.From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .
The first sentence (The last paragraph) conclude
13. What can be concluded about?
14.What conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph) ?
这类题型要求考生不仅弄懂文章的字面意思，更重要的是领会作者的言外之意，即文章的潜在含义。这样才能对文章的含义和作者的暗示做出合理的推断。根据这类题型特点，现将其分做暗指题、推理题和结论题。以下三节将分别论述这三种题型的特点及解题原则。
第二节 暗指题
暗指题的特点是体味“言外之意”，信息只能从字里行间获得。第一节中列举的1、2、3条试题用语就是本类试题中诸多用语的典范。考生得尽自己最大可能与命题人达成“共识”，因为命题人事先确定的非此即错的答案决不允许考生的认识有任何偏差。
解暗指题时必须注意：
1.一定要在语篇整体水平上了解全文；
2.把握文章主题重要细节；
3.分清是明述还是暗指，即：言内还是意外；
4.做选择时，排除干扰信息(次要信息、语义干扰、无关信息)，确定正确信息。
例1(1996年考题第4篇64题)
……
Why mention the elementary schools? Because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especially in the New England and Middle Atlantic states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
Acute foreign observers related American adaptiveness and inventiveness to this educational advantage. As a member of a British commission visiting here in 1853 reported, “With a mind prepared by thorough school discipline, the American boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.”
……
It is implied that adaptivensess and inventiveness of the early American mechanics .
［A］ benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
［B］ shed light on disciplined school management
［C］ was brought about by privileged home training
［D］ owed a lot to the technological development
我们知道解这类题时，一定要在语篇水平上了解全文。本文第一段提问“What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America……?”第二段首句回答“Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country`s elementary schools;…”。第三段解释为什么提到“the elementary schools”，作者指出：由于这些学校的存在，我们的技工们基本上都识文断字，熟知算术及某些几何学与三角学知识。文中的“literate”是受过很好的教育；“were…at home”表“自如；熟悉”。根据“…our early mechanics,…were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in some aspects of geometry and trigonometry.”我们判断早期美国技工的适应能力与创造能力在很大程度上得益于数学知识。第四段对此进行了进一步说明。为此，答案为A项。
例2(1994年考题第4篇64题)
……
This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years. In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For some skin cancers, the fiveyear survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics are still discouraging—13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas (胰腺).……
The author implies that by the year 2000, .
［A］ there will be a drastic rise in the fiveyear survival rate of skincancer patients
［B］ 90 percent of the skincancer patients today will still be living
［C］ the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers
［D］ there won`t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients
解暗指题的关键是区分明述与暗指，而尤为关键的是排除命题人故意设下的“陷井”，即“真明述，假暗指”。解这类题可以通过排除法。本题的解题范围在原文第二段。A项的内容是原文的事实，即：明述。B项属于语义干扰，原文说“For some skin cancers, the fiveyear survival rate is as high as 90 percent”(皮肤癌患者，从做手术到死，存活率为5年的有90%)，但这并不意味着现在的90%的患者还活着。C项中的“fairly even”表示“基本不变”，原文最后一句“But other survival statistics are still discouraging…”只告诉我们各种癌症患者的平均存活率不会有大幅度的增加，但并不等于没有增加，故C项也排除。D项的内容是本段的综合反映。文中说有的存活率很高(90%)，有的很低(2%)，所以综合起来，癌症患者的存活率不会有明显的提高。故正确答案为D项。这里的连词“But”起决定性作用，作者笔锋一转，下边叙述作者的观点。
例3(1992年考题第1篇32题)
It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modern life, but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men become monsters behind the wheel. It is all very well, again to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in the driver`s seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd roadhog, the rude and inconsiderate driver, but nowadays the wellmannered motorist is the exception to the rule. Perhaps the situation calls for a `Be Kind to Other Drivers` campaign, otherwise it may get completely out of hand
The sentence “You might tolerate the odd roadhog…the rule”(para. 1)implies that .
［A］ our society is unjust towards wellmannered motorists
［B］ rude drivers can be met only occasionally
［C］ the wellmannered motorist cannot tolerate the roadhog
［D］ nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists
要判断该题的正确答案，首先必须弄清其字面意思，在语篇水平上了解本文。该句字面意思很简单，即“你可能会容忍怪异的、粗鲁无理、不替别人着想的司机，但是有礼貌的司机对于这个规则来说是个例外”，在此“the rule”指的是其前半句“You might tolerate the odd road hog, the rude and inconsiderate driver”乍一看似乎有些悖于常理，“不替别人着想的司机人们能容忍，而讲礼貌的司机，人们却不能容忍”，而实际上，人们不能容忍讲礼貌的司机是由于很少见到这种司机，也就是说讲礼貌的司机太少了，人们对那些粗鲁的司机已习以为常。因此D项表达了与本句相同的意义。而A项并不是其要暗示的东西；B项恰好与事实相反；C项与事实毫不相干。
第三节 推 理 题
推理题既有别于客观事实题，又有别于暗指题。推理必须以事实为依据，但得出来的结果又绝对不是事实本身。推理题与暗指题虽然有许多相似之处，如解题的难度、思路与方法等，但它更侧重于推理。第一节中列举的4~10条试题用语仅是本类题型中较为常见的形式。解推理题时，一定要严格遵循逻辑规律，这类题主要测试考生的思维判断能力。解题的方法是把握住推理范围——大到段落或全文，小到词语或句子；提倡“以事实为依据”，但又不能“就事论事”。
解推理题时必须注意：
1.首先判断是暗指题还是推理题；
2.把握推理题范围；
3.利用相关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识；
4.保持正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑性。
例1(1996年考题第5篇69题)
Rumor has it that more than 20 books on creationism / evolution are in the publisher`s pipelines. A few have already appeared. The goal of all will be to try to explain to a confused and often unenlightened citizenry that there are not two equally valid scientific theories for the origin and evolution of universe and life. Cosmology, Geology, and biology have provided a consistent, unified, and constantly improving account of what happened “Scientific” creationism, which is being pushed by some for “equal time” in the classrooms whenever the scientific accounts of evolution are given, is based on religion, not science. Virtually all scientists and the majority of nonfundamentalist religious leaders have come to regard “scientific” creationism as bad science and bad religion.
The first four chapters of Kitcher`s book give a very brief introduction to evolution. At appropriate places, he introduces the criticisms of the creationists and provides answers. In the last three chapters, he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. When their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more Christian behavior.
Kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory. The final chapter on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. On the dust jacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says:“This book stands for reason itself.”And so it does—and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate.
From the passage we can infer that .
［A］ reasoning has played a decisive role in the debate
［B］ creationists do not base their argument on reasoning
［C］ evolutionary theory is too difficult for nonspecialists
［D］ creationism is supported by scientific findings
该题可以利用排除法从短文的几个地方找到答案。首先第一段第四句“‘scientific’creationism,…is based on religion, not science”足以排除D项。第三段第二句“The nonspecialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and argument that support evolutionary theory”与C项相矛盾。短文最后两句说“‘This book stands for reason itself’And so it does——and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism / evolution debate”，这里用了虚拟的语气，言外之意“reasoning”没能解决创世说和进化论的争辩，因此A项(在这场争论中，推理起了决定性作用)也是错误的。通过这种排除法，答案只剩B项。如果进行检验依据仍旧在最后这两句中“这本书本身就代表理性，如果理性是创世纪理论与进化论之争的唯一裁判者，问题就容易解决了”，言外之意“创世纪主义论点不是建立在推理之上”，因此答案选D。
例2(1995年考题第3篇61、62题)
Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies which enable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than has ever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data in machinereadable files, and to program computers to locate specific information. Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extended the power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be shared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology has facilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus making more information available to more people.
In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Those people who have accurate, reliable uptodate information to solve the daytoday problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed “Knowledge is power”may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.
1. From the passage we can infer that .
［A］ electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages
［B］ it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era
［C］ people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences
［D］ events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites
2. We can learn from the last paragraph that .
［A］ it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible
［B］ people should make the best use of the information accessible
［C］ we should realize the importance of accumulating information
［D］ it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently
1题的解题依据在本文第四段第三句“Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and very shortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages”，指出“随着电信事业的发展，通过电视、无线电并将在不久的将来通过电子邮件的方式所传递的信息数以千计地送到人们手中”。该句中的“bombard”与“multitudes of”都指“量大”，因此，A项“电子邮件不久将成为传递信息的主要手段”是我们推出的正确答案。B项本文未提及；也推不出C项的内容；尽管从本文我们得知人们可能会通过卫星进行现场报导，但是推不出“将来事件将主要(mainly)通过卫星予以现场报道”，故也排除D项。
2题的依据在短文尾段，作者指出：“当今世界多变、复杂，信息对人至关重要。人们要学会利用准确、可靠、最新的信息来解决日常问题及他们工作和社会交往、家庭生活中的重大问题，只有这样的人才能生存、才能成功。‘知识就是力量’，获取信息是对所有人的最重要的要求”。从该段中我们得知D项“it is of vital important to acquire needed information efficiently”(有效地获取所需信息是至关重要的)为正确答案。而A项只强调信息的量；B项强调充分利用所获得的信息，而原文强调的是“需要”信息；C项强调应该意识到积累信息的重要性，这在该段中并未提及。
例3(1994年考题第3篇62题)
……
“All men are created equal.” We`ve heard it many times, but it still has important meaning for education in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country`s founders to denote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. That concept implies educational opportunity for all children — the right of each child to receive help in learning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. In response, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who are exceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.
From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional children .
［A］ is now enjoying legal support
［B］ disagrees with the tradition of the country
［C］ was clearly stated by the country`s founders
［D］ will exert great influence over court decisions
原文第四段第四句指出“Recent court decisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education, and have ordered that…”，句中的“confirm”表示“批准”，两个谓语使用的都是现在完成时“have confirmed”和“have ordered”，因此可以判定对特殊儿童进行特殊教育已经获得法律上的认可与支持，故选择A。而B项表达的内容与第四段前三句所陈述的相反；C项的判断结果也站不住，尽管本段第三句已经指出：“国家创建者们的人人平等这一思想也包含了儿童平等受教育的权利”，但这并不能表明他们已经明确地表达了对特殊儿童教育的关怀。D项也与事实不符。
第四节 结论题
结论题不同于客观事实题，也有别于暗指题，而与推理题在解题思路与方法上有许多相似之处。结论题偏重于归纳过程；推理题偏重于推理过程。结论题题型常用语主要以动词conclude及其与相对应的名词conclusion有关的各种语句。第一节中列举的11~14条试题用语是本类题型中较常见的形式。
解结论题时，一定要根据题目要求就短文的有关内容范围作出合乎逻辑的可靠的结论，有时为了克服片面性可扩大阅读范围，否则获取信息的范围太窄。既要以事实为依据，也要依据自己的常识和经验；既要重视文章主题，也要重视发展主题的细节；而尤为重要的是把握住作者的写作意图。
解结论题时必须注意：
1.首先判断是结论题还是推理题；
2.了解全文，把握主题；
3.通过主题与细节的关系进行合乎理性的归纳；
4.把握作者的观点态度及写作意图。
例1(1995年考题第4篇66题)
Personality is to a large extent inherent——Atype parents usually bring about Atype offspring. But the environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents, it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.
One place where children soak up A characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highly competitive institution. Too many schools adopt the `win at all costs` moral standard and measure their success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete against their classmates or against the clock produces a twolayer system, in which competitive A types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerous consequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds after saying: `Rejoice, we conquer!`
By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations. It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits of competition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledge of failure is positively harmful.
Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all a youngsters change into B`s. The world needs types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child`s personality to his possible future employment. It is top management.
If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spent teaching children surer values, Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine, could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivity and sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A type stock, B`s are important and should be encouraged.
From the passage we can draw the conclusion that .
［A］ the personality of a child is well established at birth
［B］ family influence dominates the shaping of one`s characteristics
［C］ the development of one`s personality is due to multiple factors
［D］ Btype characteristics can find no place in a competitive society
本题要求考生就短文得出一个结论，这就要求考生首先了解全文、把握主题，进而得出合乎理性的结论。本文的主题在第一段，指出个性在很大程度上是天生的，但环境对它也有深刻影响。从接下来的几段中，我们不难看出本文主要谈论了学校教育对学生性格形成的影响。纵观全文我们知道性格的发展是先天、环境等多种因素影响的，故选择C项是该题的正确答案。
A、B两种说法都是片面的，前者过分强调遗传因素；而后者又偏重环境因素；D的内容是：“在高度竞争的社会中，B型性格的人不需要”，文章尾段尾句“…，B`s are important and should be encouraged”恰好否定了D的正确性。
例2(1992年考题第3篇45题)
Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that if countries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true: that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred. There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have done little to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there the tragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesser incidents caused principally by minor national contests. One country received its secondplace medals with visible indignation after the hockey (曲棍球) final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the final decisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and that their opponents` victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: “This wasn`t hockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished”. The president of the Federation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least three years.
The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after a disputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that the United States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds still to play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and another player popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketball match. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that the result would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.
Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than for the love of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in nonnational teams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism.
What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?
［A］ The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.
［B］ Athletes should compete as individuals in the Olympic Games.
［C］ Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.
［D］ International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.
文章的结论表达在最后一段，尤其是该段的最后一句“But in the present organization of the Olympics there is far too much that encourages aggressive patriotism”(在奥运会目前的组织中，有太多鼓励侵略性爱国主义的东西)。解结论题要求考生把握作者的观点、态度及写作意图。从这一段的描述中不难看出，作者认为，问题出在目前奥运会的组织方式上。因而正确答案是A项。
B项所提供的实为作者否定的观点(请参阅尾段第二句)；C项是作者所反对的观点(参阅尾段首句)；D项的内容是：“国际比赛应对国家之间所产生的误解负责”，根据作者的观点，国际比赛本身是好的，所要改进的只是其组织方式，以便使之更有利于国家间的友谊。因此，D项也不是正确的结论。
第五节 专项阅读练习
Passage 1
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it were all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: It may extend back as for as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the lifestyle of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli. Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved?
Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal`s vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
1. The author states that during dream sleep, the animal sleeps .
［A］ without moving ［B］ shallowly
［C］ intermittently［D］ on its side
2. It can be inferred from the passage that animals that are prey rarely experience dream sleep because they .
［A］ have evolved further than predators
［B］ are particularly intelligent animals
［C］ need less sleep than predators
［D］ would be caught if deeply asleep
3. The author suggests that, because there are no hiding places in the oceans, whales and dolphins .
［A］ sleep only when they are very young
［B］ cannot afford to sleep very much
［C］ usually dream while awake
［D］ take turns sleeping
4. The author implies that, if they did not sleep, babies of hunting animals might .
［A］ be more aware of danger［B］ make noise at the wrong times
［C］ fail to grow properly［D］ be able to catch more food
Passage 2
The development of Jamestown in Virginia during the second half of the seventeenth century was closely related to the making and use of bricks. There are several practical reasons why bricks became important to the colony. Although the forests could initially supply sufficient timber, the process of lumbering was extremely difficult, particularly because of the lack of roads. Later, when the timber on the peninsula had depleted, wood had to be brought from some distance. Building stone was also in short supply. However, as clay was plentiful, it was inevitable that the colonist would turn to brickmaking.
In addition to practical reasons for using brick as the principal construction material, there was also an ideological reason. Brick represented durability and permanence. The Virginia Company of London instructed the colonists to build hospitals and new residence out of brick. In 1662, the town Act of the Virginia Assembly provided for the construction of thirtytwo brick buildings and prohibited the use of wood as a construction material. Had this law ever been successfully enforced, Jamestown would have been a model city. Instead, the residents failed to comply fully with the law; and by 1699 Jamestown had collapsed into a pile of rubble with only three or four habitable houses.
1. In the first half of the 1600`s, most buildings on Jamestown were probably made of .
［A］ earth ［B］ stone ［C］ wood ［D］ brick
2. It can be inferred from the passage that Jamestown was established on .
［A］ a rocky peninsula with a small forested area
［B］ a barren peninsula near other towns
［C］ an uninhabitable peninsula with few natural resources
［D］ a wooded peninsula with a clay soil
3. It can be inferred from the passage that settlers who built with bricks in the 160`s were .
［A］ planning to return to England［B］ obeying the laws
［C］ not concerned about durability［D］ interested in larger residences
4. According to the passage, what eventually happen to Jamestown?
［A］ it was practically destroyed［B］ it became a model city
［C］ It remained the seat of government［D］ It was almost completed
5. It can be inferred from the passage that prior to the action of the Virginia Company of London, Jamestown had an insufficient number of .
［A］ colonists［B］ medical facilities
［C］ clay sources［D］ bricklayers
Passage 3
More than half a million students take an introductory calculus course in any given year, and the number is growing. A large proportion have no choice. Calculus is a barrier that must be overcome on the way to a professional career in medicine or engineering. Even disciplines like history now sometimes require some college mathematics. But for many people who in the last few years have passed through such a course, the word “calculus” brings back painful memories.
In many universities about half of the students who take introductory calculus fail the course. A surprisingly large number must take the course several times to get through. At the same time, engineering and physical sciences professors complain that even the students who pass don`t know very much about calculus and don`t know how to use it.
“The teaching of calculus is a national disgrace,” says Lynna Steen, President of the Mathematical Association of America. “Too often calculus is taught by inexperienced instructors to illprepared students in an environment with insufficient feedback,” he says. “The result is a serious decline in the number of students pursuing advanced mathematics, and a majority of college graduates who have learned to hate mathematics.”
Now many educators have started a movement to change what is taught in an introductory calculus course, to improve the way it is taught and to bring the teaching of calculus into the computer age. Though they admit that there is nothing they could do about calculus, many of them do bring worthwhile suggestions.
1. Many students take an introductory calculus course because .
［A］ calculus is a required course
［B］ college mathematics is required in more and more subjects
［C］ calculus is fundamental for students majoring in engineering
［D］ mathematics plays a key role in one`s professional career
2. We can conclude after reading the first paragraph that .
［A］ calculus is a boring but useful subject
［B］ students of arts and letters are becoming more interested in mathematics than students of science.
［C］ many students are reluctant to take the calculus course
［D］ without a good mastery of mathematics, students will amount to nothing
3. The professors` complaint in the second paragraph implies that .
［A］ calculus is such a difficult course that no students could really meet its high standards
［B］ it is hard to apply calculus to practice
［C］ the examination results of the calculus course are questionable
［D］ the quality of the calculus course is very poor
Passage 4
The most striking single fact about chimpanzees is the flexibility of their social life, the lack of any rigid form of organization. It represents about as far a departure from the baboon type of organization as one can find among the higher primates, and serves to emphasize the great variety of primate adaptations. Chimpanzees are more human than baboons, or rather they jibe better with the way we like to picture ourselves, as free wheeling individuals who tend to be unpredictable, do not take readily to any form of regimentation, and are frequently charming.(Charm is relatively rare among baboons.)
Two researchers have described what they found during more than eight months spent among chimpanzees in their natural habitat, the forest: “We were quite surprised to observe that there is no single distinct social unit in chimpanzee society. Not only is there no `family` or `harem` organization; neither is there a `troop` organization—that is to say, no particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will, alone or in small groups best described as bands, which sometimes form into large aggregations. They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones without conflict.”
The general practice is best described as “easy come, easy go,” although there are certain group forming tendencies. As a rule chimpanzees move about in one of four types of band: adult males only: mothers and offspring and occasionally a few other females; adults and adolescents of both sexes, but no mothers with young; and representatives of all categories mixed together. The composition of bands may change a number of times during the course of a day as individuals wander off and groups split or combine with other groups. On the other hand, certain individuals prefer one another`s company. One of the researchers observed that four males often roamed together over a fourmonth period, and mothers often associated with their older offspring.
1. The author`s main purpose is to explain .
［A］ how chimpanzees mate
［B］ the differences between baboons and chimpanzees
［C］ why chimpanzees live in the forest
［D］ the relationships among chimpanzees
2. The author implies that the social behavior of baboons is .
［A］ predictable ［B］ practical ［C］ political ［D］ primitive
3. According to the passage, the researchers were surprised that chimpanzees had such .
［A］ temporary associations［B］ humanlike families
［C］ violent conflicts［D］ large harems
4. In line 15, the phrase “easy come easy go” could best be replaced by .
［A］ immobile ［B］ nonchalant ［C］ functional ［D］ aggressive
Passage 5
Heroin addiction today is found chiefly among young people in ghetto areas. Of the more than 60,000 known addicts, more than half live in New York State. Most of these live in New York City. Recent figures show that more than half of the addicts are under 30 years of age.
Narcotic addiction in the United States is not limited to heroin users. Some middleaged and older persons who take narcotic drugs regularly to relieve pain can also become addicted. So do some people who can get drugs easily, such as doctors, nurses and druggists. Studies show that this type of addict has personality and emotional problems very similar to those of other regular narcotic users.
Many addicts admit that getting a continued supply is the main objective of their lives. His concentration on getting drugs often prevents the addict from continuing his education or his job. His health is often poor. He may be sick one day from effects of withdrawal and sick the next from an overdose. Statistics show that his life span may be shortened by 15 to 20 years. He is usually in trouble with his family and almost always in trouble with the law.
Some studies suggest that many of the known narcotic addicts had some trouble with the law before they became addicted. Once addicted, they may even become more involved with crime because it costs so much to support the heroin habit.
Most authorities agree that the addict`s involvement with crime is not a direct effect of the drug itself. Turning to crime is usually the only way he has of getting that much money. His crimes are nearly always thefts or other crimes against property.
Federal penalties for illegal narcotics usage were established under the Harrison Act of 1914.The Act provides that illegal possession of narcotics is punished by fines and/or imprisonment. Sentences can range from 2 to 10 years for the first offense, 5 to 20 years for the second, and 10 to 20 years for further offenses.
Illegal sale of narcotics can mean a fine of 20,000 and a sentence from 20 to 40 years for later offenses. A person who sells narcotics to someone under 18 is refused parole and probation, even for the first offense. If the drug is heroin, he can be sentenced to life imprisonment or to death.
1. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the first paragraph?
［A］ the number of known addicts in the US ［B］ the causes of drug abuse
［C］ the place where most drug addicts live ［D］ the age of drug addicts
2. It is implied in the second paragraph that .
［A］ some people become addicted to drugs unintentionally
［B］ patients are apt to become addicted
［C］ most drug addicts are those who are in the medical profession
［D］ people over 30 years old are immune to drug abuse
3. A drug addict is always in trouble with law .
［A］ which is due to the side effects of the drug
［B］ because turning to crime is his only way of getting money to buy the expensive drugs
［C］ because he rebels against the society and does not see things in the light of reason
［D］ because he often gets into bad company
4. Who will be most severely punished by the law?
［A］ A person who sells drugs to the teenagers
［B］ A person who sells heroin
［C］ A nurse who steals drugs from the hospital
［D］ A person who buys illegal drugs
Passage 6
Scientific explanations require objective thinking. Both theoretical research and experimental exploration have shown that no child below school age is truly able to grasp these two concepts, without which abstract understanding is impossible. In his early years, until age eight or ten, the child can develop only highly personalized concepts about what he experiences. Therefore it seems natural to him, since the plants which grow on this earth nourish him as his mother did from her breast, to see the earth as a mother or a female god, or at least as her abode(住所).
Even a young child somehow knows that he was created by his parents; so it makes good sense to him that, like himself, all men and where they live were created by a superhuman figure not very different from his parents—some male or female god. Since his parents watch over the child and provide him with his needs in his home, then naturally he also believes that something like them, only much more powerful, intelligent, and reliable—a guardian angel—will do so out in the world
A child thus experience the world order in the image of his parents and of what goes on within the family. The ancient Egyptians, as a child does, saw heaven and the sky as a motherly figure who protectively bent over the earth, enveloping it and them serenely (安详地). Far from preventing man from later developing a more rational explanation of the world, such a view offers security where and when it is most needed—a security which, when the time is ripe, allows for a truly rational world view. Life on a small planet surrounded by limitless space seems awfully lonely and cold to a child—just the opposite of what he knows life ought to be. This is why the ancients needed to feel sheltered and warmed by an enveloping mother figure. To depreciate protective imagery like this as mere childish projections of an immature mind is to rob the young child of one aspect of the prolonged safety and comfort he needs.
1. It can be inferred from the passage that children in their early years are capable of .
［A］ objective thinking［B］ rational thinking
［C］ religious thinking［D］ subjective thinking
2. According to the passage, young chidden get to know the world .
［A］ by comparing it with the family life
［B］ by learning from their parents and brothers or sisters
［C］ by conducting experimental explorations
［D］ by reading ancient folk tales
3. The author indicates that the ancient people usually created a superhuman figure because .
［A］ they wanted to conquer nature
［B］ they didn`t know how the world went round
［C］ they had a sense of safety that way
［D］ they wanted their children to live in safety
Passage 7
To produce the upheaval in the United States that changed and modernized the domain of higher education from the mid1880`s, three primary causes interacted. The emergence of a halfdozen leaders in education provided the personal force that was needed Moreover, an outcry for a fresher, more practical, and more advanced kind of instruction arose among the alumni and friends of nearly all of the old colleges and grew into a movement that overrode all conservative opposition. The aggressive “Young Yale” movement appeared, demanding partial alumni control, a more liberal spirit, and a broader course of study. The graduates of Harvard College simultaneously rallied to relieve the college`s poverty and demand new enterprise. Education was pushing toward higher standards in the East by throwing off church leadership everywhere, and in the West by finding a wider range of studies and a new sense of public duty.
The oldstyle classical education received most crushing blow in the citadel of Harvard College, where Dr. Charles Eliot, a young captain of thirtyfive, son of a former treasurer of Harvard, led the progressive forces. Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot`s administration. They were the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements, the enlargement of the curriculum and the development of the elective system, the recognition of graduate study in the liberal arts, the raising of professional training in law, medicine, and engineering to a postgraduate level, and the fostering of greater maturity in student life. Standards of admission were sharply advanced in 1872—1873 and 1876—1877. By the appointment of a dean to take charge of student affairs, and a wise handling of discipline, the undergraduates were led to regard themselves more as young gentlemen and less as young animals. One new course of study after another was opened up—science, music, the history of the fine arts, advanced Spanish political economy, physics, classical philosophy, and international law.
1. Which of the following is the author`s main purpose in the nineteenth century?
［A］ To explain the history of Harvard college.
［B］ To criticize the conditions of United States universities in the nineteenth century.
［C］ To describe innovations in United States higher education in the later 1800`s.
［D］ To compare Harvard with Yale before the turn of the century.
2. According to the passage, the changes in higher education during the later 1800`s were the result of .
［A］ plans developed by conservatives and church leaders
［B］ efforts of interested individuals to redefine the educational system
［C］ the demands of social organizations seeking financial relief
［D］ rallies held by westerners wanting to compete with eastern schools
3. Which of the following can be inferred about Harvard College before progressive changes occurred?
［A］ Admission standards were lower. ［B］ Classes ended earlier.
［C］ Students were younger. ［D］ Courses were more practical.
4. It can be concluded that a characteristic of the classical course of study was .
［A］ most students majored in education
［B］ students were limited in their choice of courses
［C］ students has to pass five levels of study
［D］ courses were so difficult that most students failed
Passage 8
Wild claims on labels of worthless medicines are much less frequent than there were years ago. But some overthecounter drugs are still being promoted by tall stories, sometimes told in booklets or through advertising rather than on the label.
One tall story is that every American today suffers from a vitamin or mineral deficiency and needs vitamin supplements. This isn`t so. Vitamins and minerals are plentiful in our food supply. Eating a variety of foods makes it almost certain that you will get a full amount of these nutrients.
Infants, pregnant women, the sick and those who are dieting may need special supplements. But the family physician is the best authority on what vitamin supplements are needed
If your doctor does recommend supplements, take the suggested dose——no more. Some people take or give vitamins on the principle that if a little is good, twice as much is better. Excessive doses of certain vitamins are known to be poisonous.
If you are overweight, don`t fall for a formula that promises you a slim, trim figure without dieting or calorie counting. To reduce, you must consume fewer calories than you use up in daily living.
The energyproducing or heatproducing value of food is measured in calories. One calorie is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water one degree centigrade. If calories are not used in producing heat or energy, they build fat.
If you need to lose only a few pounds, you can probably work out your own diet. But if you need to lose many pounds, have your doctor plan a diet for you. Crash diets can break down your health, not your weight.
Beware of cosmetics that make exaggerated claims or promises. There are no quick or easy cures for spots. Spots on the face are caused by a combination of factors. No cream that comes in a jar can cure them.
Don`t trust any cream of gadget (small device) that promises to give you curves where you want them or take them from where they are not wanted. Any cream that could do this would not be safe to use and there are no gadgets that are effective for spot reducing.
The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act protects the consumer by prohibiting any statements on labels or packages that are false or misleading.
1. In this article the author defends .
［A］ the high cost of prescription drugs
［B］ the quality of television advertising
［C］ the safety of the overthecounter drugs
［D］ the vitamin content of American food
2. According to the article, which of the following is NOT true?
［A］ Worthless drugs used to be promoted on the label.
［B］ Vitamin supplements are needed by elderly people.
［C］ There is no quick cure for spots.
［D］ Crash diets do harm to health.
3. The author implies in the last paragraph but one that no cream can .
［A］ give you a suntan
［B］ cure skin diseases
［C］ change the shape of the body
［D］ bleach the skin fair
4. Which of the following best expresses the main idea of this passage?
［A］ Beware of misleading advertising.
［B］ Being on diet will ensure a good health.
［C］ Drastic action should be taken against worthless medicines.
［D］ There is no need for Americans to supplement vitamins.
Passage 9
The making of classifications by literary historians can be a somewhat risky enterprise. When Black poets are discussed separately as a group, for instance, the extent to which their work reflects the development of poetry in general should not be forgotten, or a distortion of literary history may result. This caution is particularly relevant in an assessment of the differences between Black poets at the turn of the century (1900—1909) and those of the generation of the 1920`s. These differences include the bolder and more forthright speech of the later generation and its technical inventiveness. It should be remembered, though, that comparable differences also existed for similar generations of White poets.
When poets of the 1910`s and 1920`s are considered together, however, the distinctions that literary historians might make between “conservative” and “experimental” would be of little significance in a discussion of Black poets, although these remain helpful classifications for White poets of these decades. Certainly differences can be noted between “conservative” Black poets such as Countee Cullen and Claude McKay and “experimental” ones such as Jean Loomer and Langston Hughes. But Black poets were not battling over old or new styles; rather, one accomplished. Black poet was ready to welcome another, whatever his or her style, for what mattered was racial pride.
However, in the 1920`s Black poets did debate whether they should deal with specifically racial subjects. They asked whether they should only write about Black experience for a Black audience or whether such demands were restrictive. It may be said; though, that virtually all these poets wrote their best poems when they spoke out of racial feeling, race being, as James Weldon Johnson rightly put it. “perforce the thing the Negro poet knows best.”
At the turn of the century, by contrast, most Black poets generally wrote in the conventional manner of the age and expressed noble, if vague, emotions in their poetry. These poets were not unusually gifted, though Boscoe Jamison and G M McClellen may be mentioned as exceptions. They chose not to write in dialect, which, as Sterling Brown has suggested “meant a rejection of stereotypes of Negro life.” and they refused to write only about racial subjects. This refusal had both a positive and a negative consequence. As Brown observes.“ Valuably insisting that Negro poets should not be confined to issues of race, these poets committed［an］ error…they refused to look into their hearts and write. These are important insights, but one must stress that this refusal to look within was also typical of most White poets of the United States at the time. They too, often furned from their own experience and consequently produced not very memorable poems about vague topics, such as the peace of nature.
1. Most turnofthecentury Black poets generally did which of the following?
［A］ Wrote in ways that did not challenge accepted literary practice.
［B］ Described scenes from their own lives.
［C］ Aroused patriotic feelings by expressing devotion to the land.
［D］ Expressed complex feeling in the words of ordinary people.
2. An issue facing Black poets in the 1920`s was whether they should .
［A］ seek a consensus on new techniques of poetry
［B］ write exclusively about and for Blacks
［C］ withdraw their support from a repressive society
［D］ turn away from soul questions to recollect the tranquillity of nature
3. It can be inferred that classifying a poet as either conservative or experimental would be of ”little significance“ (when discussing Black poets of the 1910`s and the 1920`s) because .
［A］ these poets wrote in very similar styles
［B］ these poets all wrote about nature in the same way
［C］ these poets were fundamentally united by a sense of racial achievement despite differences in poetic style
［D］ such a method of classification would fail to take account of the influence of general poetic practice
4. It can be inferred that the author finds the work of the majority of the Black poets at the turn of the century to be .
［A］ unexciting ［B］ calming ［C］ confusing ［D］ delightful
Passage 10
In a perfectly free and open market economy, the type of employer—government or private—should have little or no impact on the earnings differentials between women and men. However, if there is discrimination against one sex, it is unlikely that the degree of discrimination by government and private employers will be the same. Differences in the degree of discrimination would result in earnings differentials associated with the type of employer. Given the nature of government and private employers, it seems most likely that discrimination by private employers would be greater. Thus one would expect that, if women are being discriminated against, government employment would have a positive effect on women`s earnings as compared with their earnings from private employment. The results of a study by Fuchs support this assumption. Fuchs`s results suggest that the earnings of women in an industry composed entirely of government employees would be 14.6 percent greater than the earnings of women in an industry composed exclusively of private employees, other things being equal.
In addition both Fuchs and Sanborn have suggested that the effect of discrimination by consumers on the earnings of selfemployed women may be greater than the effect of either government or private employer discrimination on the earnings of women employees. To test this hypothesis, Brown selected a large sample of White male and female workers from the 1970 Census and divided them into three categories: private employees, government employees, and selfemployed. (Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earnings differentials that were the result of racial disparities.) Browns research design controlled for education, laborforce participation, mobility, motivation, and age in order to eliminate these factors as explanations of the study`s results. Brown`s results suggest that men and women are not treated the same by employers and consumers. For men, selfemployment is the highest earnings category, with private employment next, and government lowest. For women, this order is reversed.
One can infer from Brown`s results that consumers discriminate against selfemployed women. In addition, selfemployed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions.
Brown`s results are clearly consistent with Fuch`s argument that discrimination by consumers has a greater impact on the earnings of women than does discrimination by either government or private employers. Also, the fact that women do better working for government than for private employers implies that private employers are discriminating against women. The results do not prove that government does not discriminate against women. They do, however, demonstrate that if government is discriminating against women, its discrimination is not having as much effect on women`s earnings as is discrimination in the private sector.
1. The passage mentions all of the following as difficulties that selfemployed women may encounter EXCEPT .
［A］ discrimination from suppliers
［B］ discrimination from consumers
［C］ problems in obtaining government assistance
［D］ problems in obtaining good employees
2. A study of the practices of financial institutions (that revealed no discrimination against selfemployed women) would tend to contradict .
［A］ some tentative results of Fuchs`s study
［B］ some explicit results of Brown`s study
［C］ a suggestion made by the author
［D］ Fuchs`s hypothesis
3. The passage explicitly answers which of the following questions?
［A］ Why were Black workers excluded from the sample used in Brown`s study?
［B］ Why do private employers discriminate more against women than do government employers?
［C］ Why do selfemployed women have more difficulty than men in hiring highquality employees?
［D］ Why do suppliers discriminate against selfemployed women?
4. It can be inferred that the statements in the last paragraph are most probably .
［A］ Brown`s elaboration of his research results
［B］ Brown`s tentative inferences form his data
［C］ Brown`s conclusions, based on commonsense reasoning
［D］ the author`s conclusions, based on Fuchs`s and Brown`s results
第六节 专项阅读练习答案与解题思路
Passage 1
1.答案为A项。求解本题的依据在第二段。“In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.”在该句中我们可以找到关键词“immobilized”与“unresponsive”，它们实际上在此与“without moving”同义。而其他三个选择项的内容都与原文不符。
2.答案为D项。文章第二段中交待，在做梦的睡眠中，动物是一动不动的，对外界刺激毫无反应。这样的情况对被捕食的动物很危险，因为他们如果睡得很死，就有可能被食肉动物吃掉。所以我们可以推断，这些动物睡觉时很少做梦，因为熟睡会被别的动物逮住。
3.答案为B项。解题依据就在“There is no place to hide in the ocean”海洋中没有可以躲藏的地方，如果海豚和鲸鱼睡得多便有被捕杀的危险。因此它们睡得很少。
4答案为A项。作者在第三段中描写“It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep.”，它暗示了有些动物在面临高度危险时陷入沉睡，因此意识不到危险。那么，如果不睡着，就能意识到面临的危险。
Passage 2
1.答案为C项。解题依据可在第一段中寻找。文中第一段中交待“…the forests could initially supply sufficient timber,…”这说明：一开始森林能够提供足够的木材。因此，可以判定17世纪前半叶，Janestown的大部分建筑都可能是木制的。
2.答案为D项。本题的解题依据在第一段最后几行，“…when the timber on the peninsula had depleted, wood had to be brought from some distance.……However, as clay was plentiful, it was inevitable that the colonist would turn to brickmaking.”。根据这几句的论述，我们可以判定Jamestown建在一座拥有粘土的森林半岛上。
3.答案为B项。在第二段，我们了解到“In 1662,the town Act of the Virginia Assembly provided for the construction of thirtytwo brick buildings and prohibited the use of wood as a construction material.”。因此，我们也明白了当时的居民用砖盖房子是弗吉尼亚城市法案规定的，法案上规定：禁止使用木头作为建筑材料，而必须使用砖。
4答案为A项。文章的结尾部分首先使用虚拟语气“Had this law ever been successfully enforced, Jamestown would have been a model city.”但事实是“Instead, the residents failed to comply fully with the law”，因此，Jamestown的命运是“collapsed into a pile rubble”。选择项A的内容与原文相符，故为正确答案。
5答案为B项。该细节推论题的推断依据在第二段，“The Virginia Company of London instructed the colonists to build hospitals and new residence out of brick.”，根据该句我们可以推测在这以前医院的设备与居民住宅比较短缺，如果数量够，也就没必要搞这些建设了。选择项B完全符合这样推测。
Passage 3
1.答案为B项。解题依据在首段，文中指出“Calculus is a barrier that must be overcome on the way to a professional career in medicine or engineering. Even disciplines like history now sometimes require some college mathematics.”从这两个句子中我们得知许多学科都要求开高等数学。
2.答案为C项。要求我们根据第一段的范围得出结论。文中第二句“A large proportion have no choice”指的是许多学生没有选择的余地，言外之意：微积分是必修课，每个学生都得选的课程。因此得出的结论是：很多学生不情愿选修微积分课。
3.答案为D项。第二段尾句指出工程学、物理学教授抱怨说“even the students who pass don`t know very much about calculus and don`t know how to use it”，这一抱怨所暗指的含义可以从下段的陈述中找到答案。下段首先指出“The teaching of calculus is a national disgrace”，接下来解释其原因：除了教微积分的老师没经验，学生的准备也不充分，而在这种情况下教学缺乏足够的反馈。可以判断出这些教授主要抱怨微积分课的质量差。
Passage 4
1.答案为D项。本篇文章通过研究人员的观察，主要说明黑猩猩社会的灵活性以及其松散的组织形式，也说明了黑猩猩之间的关系，因此选项D为正确答案。A、C项的内容在文中没有提到；B项在文中只是涉及到，而非重点。
2.答案为A项。这道推理题可以从对比中得到答案。文中一开始指出黑猩猩的组织形式松散、自由，其社会行为往往是很难预料的。接着，文中又告诉我们黑猩猩与狒狒的组织形式差别很大。据此推断，狒狒的社会行为可能就是较固定的，可以进行预测。
3.答案为A项。文章第二段说到研究人员观察到黑猩猩社会中没有一个明显的社会单位，“…no particular chimpanzees keep permanently together. On the contrary, individuals move about at will”，总之，黑猩猩从不长久地呆在一起，“They leave their associates if they want to, and join up with new ones without conflict”。
4答案为A项。文中已经提到黑猩猩如果想离开同伙就离开，然后可以加入到另一团伙，不会引起冲突。“easy come, easy go”就是描述这种情况，它体现黑猩猩之间的淡漠关系。
Passage 5
1.答案为B项。利用排除法很快就找到答案。文中交待有6万人吸毒，大多数住在纽约，多数人年龄都在30岁以下；唯独没有说明染上恶习的原因。
2.答案为A项。第二段首句指出：“在美国麻醉药不受限制，这样有些中年或老年人，为解除疼痛而定期用麻醉药也可能导致吸毒。吸毒的人还包括一些接近药品的人，如医生、护士、药剂师等”。这些陈述都说明有些吸毒者无意中就上瘾。
3.答案为B项。依据在文中第五段“Turning to crime is usually the only way he has of getting that much money”。
4答案为B项。最后一段讲的都是对毒品贩子的惩罚。如：非法销售尼古丁要罚2万美元，要是惯犯就要判20~40年的刑法。如果向不满18岁的孩子兜售尼古丁，即使是初犯也没有假释或缓刑，要是海洛因的话，要判他终生监禁或死刑。选项A主要错在“drug”一词上；选项C和D原文并没提及。
Passage 6
1.答案为D项。第一段指出，孩子尚小时不能进行抽象思维，也不能做客观性思维，“the child can develop only highly personalized concept about what he experiences”，通过这一描述，我们可以判断出孩子尚小时所进行的思维活动都是主观的。
2.答案为A项。依据在第三段，“A child thus experience the world order in the image of his parents and of what goes on within the family”，说明儿童对世界的认识主要是对父母及家庭活动的认识的投射。
3.答案为C项。解题依据仍在第三段。通过古埃及的例子来说明古人需要一个保护性的母亲式的人物提供所需的保护原因——“Life on a small planet surrounded by limitless space seems awfully lonely and cold to a child”。
Passage 7
1.答案为C项。本篇文章的目的在于描写19世纪下半叶美国高等教育革新情况。第一段主要阐述19世纪下半叶整个美国教育的改革；第二段关于哈佛大学的教育改革情况，所以正确答案选C。文章虽描写了哈佛大学的教育革新情况，但没有描写耶鲁大学的具体情况，文章的目的也不在于比较这两所大学，故排除A、D项。虽然第一段从侧面叙述了美国大学的不良状况，但那只是一个侧面，不能以偏概全，而且时间是19世纪60年代到80年代，故也排除B项。
2.答案为B项。文中第一段提到几个教育界的领导人、老牌大学的校友和朋友、耶鲁大学的年青人、哈佛大学的毕业生，他们相互作用，从19世纪60年代到80年代中期改变了美国高等教育领域。因此，19世纪下半叶美国高等教育的变化是由于感兴趣的个人为了改进教育制度所做努力的结果。
3.答案为A项。文中第二段中谈到“Five revolutionary advances were made during the first years of Dr. Eliot`s administration”，而五项改革中的第一项就是“the elevation and amplification of entrance requirements”，并且在1872年到1873年和1876年到1877年间“Standards of admission were sharply advanced”。由此推断，革新以前入学标准偏低。
4答案为B项。文章在谈到课程量时说“the enlargement of curriculum and the development of the elective system”，这说明了原来学习课程的特点是学生被限制在一定的选择范围之内。
Passage 8
1.答案为D项。文中第二段作者引用一个“tall story”，进而驳斥美国人缺少维他命和矿物质的假说，作者指出：“Vitamins and minerals are plentiful in our food supply. Eating…you will get a full amount of these nutrients”。
2.答案为B项。根据第三段首句“Infants, pregnant women, the sick and those who are dieting may need special supplements”，很快就找到答案。
3.答案为C项。倒数第二段要大家不要相信那些带小玩艺的雪花膏，其中句中的定语从句“that promises to give you curves where you want them or take them from where they are not wanted”暗示了这种日用品的功能——使人的身材变得匀称。curve是曲线，也可指人的线条。
4答案为A项。本文的主旨在首段，主题中心是：警告世人要注意广告的误导作用。
Passage 9
1.答案为A项。答案在文章的第一段中，文中20世纪与20年代的黑人诗人的不同点在于后者言语更鲜明、更直率、创作技巧更丰富。这些也就意味着本世纪初的黑人诗人仍旧使用原来传统的文学创作技巧，没有更多的创新。
2.答案为B项。第三段叙述20年代黑人诗人面临的问题：他们是否应该只写种族题材的诗歌?他们是否应该仅仅为黑人读者写黑人的经历等。根据这些内容来判断，只有B项内容符合原文之意。
3.答案为C项。作者在文中提到文学历史学家把1910`s与1920`s的诗人划分为保守派和实验派，这对于黑人诗人来说几乎没有意义，因为新、旧创作技巧形式的变化对于黑人来说不是最重要的，对其至关重要的是种族自豪感，也就是说他们都注重种族成就感。因此，答案是C。文中提到尽管他们创作风格不同，也就暗示了他们并不是千篇一律。所以A项与B项都是错误的；D项在文中并未涉及。
4答案为A项。文中最后一段作者说到，在本世纪初，大部分黑人诗人通常都是用传统的方式写作，题材是种族方面的问题。可是，有人反对这种描写黑人生活的旧框框，反对仅仅写关于种族的问题。据此推测，本世纪初大部分黑人的作品是沿袭传统的。
Passage 10
1.答案为C项。这个细节题在原文第三段中可以找到答案。作者在这一段中暗示我们，从Brown的研究结果里我们可以看出“consumers discriminate against selfemployed women”。此外，文中还交待“self-employed women may have more difficulty than men in getting good employees and may encounter discrimination from suppliers and from financial institutions”。选项A、B和D在文中全部提及到，唯独C项没有，故为正确答案。
2.答案为C项。本文只在第三段中提到金融机构而且是以“One can infer from…”来引出的段落，这就表明该段落中所提到的情况在上文中并没有直接说明。本段都是作者进行的推测，作者对于妇女会受到投资机构的歧视的推断与题目中的观点相矛盾。
3.答案为A项。文中第二段中间括号内部分解释了为什么不选黑人作为研究的对象，即：“(Black workers were excluded from the sample to avoid picking up earning differentials that were the result of racial disparities.)”。这里动词不定式“to avoid…disparities”表示原因(为了避免由于种族差异而出现的工资差别)。所以选A为正确答案；文中只给出B、C和D项所包含的观点，而并没有指出其原因，故而排除。
4答案为D项。文中最后一段作者首先说明Brown和Fuch的研究结果，然后根据其研究结果说明，如果政府对妇女有歧视，那么这种歧视比私人雇主的歧视对妇女的收入影响要小。由于最后一段是作者的结论，可以排除A、B、C三项。
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